Abundance · 205

Proportional · 205

Relative · 205

Accumulated Cost Surfaces · 150

Accuracy · 4, 7, 56, 61, 150, 200, 280, 291

ACS · 150–56, 161, 339

Adaptive Densification · 124, 262

Adjacency · 2, 42, 163, 208, 227, 240

Matrix · 228, 231

Adjacency (definition) · 15

Affine Transformation (definition) · 20

Agent Based Modelling · 393

Agent Active Behaviour · 395

Agent Autonomy · 395

Agent Communication · 395

Agent Heterogeneity · 395

Agent Learning · 396

Agent Mobility · 396

Agent Rationality · 395

Agent-based Models · 394

Agents · 395

Aggregate Complexity · 399

Applications · 396

Calibration · 414

Developing Models · 403

Emergence · 399

Explanatory/Exploratory · 401

Heatbugs Model · 391

Limitations · 400

Predictive · 402

Purpose · 401

Schelling Segregation Model · 396

Software · 407

Software Selection Guidelines · 406

Software Types · 404

Sugarscape Model · 397, 398

Verification · 414

AIC · 242, 246, 247, 248

Akaike Information Criterion · 244–47

Analysis of Covariance · 243

Analysis of Variance · 103, 243

Anderson-Darling Test · 315

Angular Transforms · 31

Animal Movement · 8, 115, 348, 383

Anisotropic · 154, 165, 232, 246

Anisotropy · 153, 165, 171, 301, 302, 311, 316, 318, 319, 322, 326

Arc (definition) · 15

Arc Routing · 341, 380

Arc Routing Problem · 339

Archaeology · 12, 35, 396

Areal Interpolation · 93–95, 135

Artefacts · 92, 134, 176, 257, 259, 270, 279, 325, 329, 330

Artefacts (definition) · 15

Artificial Life · 383

Artificial Neural Networks · 418

Activation Function · 419

Back Propagation · 422

Conjugate Gradients · 425

Data Normalisation · 423

Feedford Networks · 418

Function Approximation · 424

Global Minimisation · 423

Land Change Modelling · 426

Learning · 421

Momentum · 423

Rate · 422

Stochastic Approximation · 422

Supervised · 421

Unsupervised · 421

MLP Classification · 427

Multi-level Perceptron · 418, 419

Over-fitting · 423

Radial Basis Function Networks · 431

SOM

Classification · 434

Codebook Vector · 433

Distance Metrics · 436

Grid Form · 433

Grid Topology · 433

Initialisation · 435

Learning and Tuning · 436

Masking and Weighting · 436

Missing Data · 436

Neighbourhood Functions · 436

Normalisation · 435

Pre-processing · 435

Prototype Vector · 433

TSP Solution · 439

Universal Approximation Theorem · 422

Weights · 423

Aspect · 3, 76, 168, 170, 172, 173, 260, 269, 267–75, 287, 289

Aspect (definition) · 15

Atomistic Fallacy · 62

Attribute

Intrinsic · 15

Attribute (definition) · 15

Autocorrelation · 222

Autocorrelation (definition) · 16

Autocovariance · 222

Axial Data · 165

Azimuth · 79, 154, 269

Azimuth (definition) · 15

Azimuthal Projection (definition) · 15

AZP · 97

Back Transformation (definition) · 20

Bandwidth · 138, 140, 163, 218, 231, 246

Bayesian Information Criterion · 244

Bayesian Methods · 107, 121, 244, 250, 252

Bearing · 15, 79, 146, 171, 232

Bessel Function · 168, 306

Bessel Function (definition) · 31

Bézier Curves · 80

Bi-linear Interpolation · 308

Binomial Distribution · 201

Binomial Distribution (definition) · 29

Block Kriging · 323, 325

Blurring · 47, 279

Bonferroni Correction · 238

Bootstrapping · 197, 325

Box Plots · 102, 189, 191, 193

Box-Cox Transform · 315

Box-Cox Transform (definition) · 31

Breaklines · 65, 121, 263, 292, 301

Brownian Motion · 265

Brushing · 4, 56, 189, 195

B-splines · 80

Buffering

Hybrid · 161

Network · 161

Raster · 161

Vector · 159

CAR · 243, 250, 252, 253

CCmaps · 192, 193

Cellular Automata · 390

Neighbourhood Structure · 392

Spatial Framework · 392

State Variables · 392

Time · 393

Transition Rules · 392

Census Data · 6, 41, 67, 117, 131, 133

Centering Transform · 240

Central Limit Theorem · 30, 31

Centres · 66, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 104, 128, 142, 151, 211, 219, 220

Centroids · 73, 81, 84, 86, 88, 92, 94, 98, 104, 117, 197, 211, 217, 227, 231, 244, 247, 256

Chebyshev Metric · 148

Chi-Square Tests · 50, 199, 201

Choropleth · 8, 100, 192, 193, 244

Choropleth (definition) · 16

Circuity Index · 90

City Block Metric · 85

Classification · 65, 75, 101, 119, 120, 173, 182, 183, 193, 200, 220, 271, 275

Box · 102

Census · 132

Defined Interval · 101

Equal Interval · 101

Fuzzy · 119

Fuzzy Membership · 119

Image · 199

ISODATA · 108

Jenks · 101, 103

Manual · 101

Natural Breaks · 101

Percentile · 101

Quantile · 101

Slice · 101, 174

Standard Deviation · 102

Unique Values · 101

Classification Entropy · 120

Classifier

Hard · 101, 106, 108, 111

Soft · 101, 106

Clip · 87

Closing · 179, 222

Clough-Tocher · 307

Cluster Analysis · 11, 134, 218–21

Cluster Hunting · 9, 197, 221

Clustering · 100, 103, 147, 163, 167, 187, 196, 198, 212, 219, 220, 235, 251, 314, 322, 328

Cluster Analysis · 218

Heirarchical NN · 219

Kernel Density · 220

K-Means · 103, 147, 220

Coefficient of Determination · 245, 256

Coefficient of Eccentricity · 171

Coefficient of Relative Dispersion · 198

Coefficient of Variation · 178

Coefficient of Variation (definition) · 27

Cognostics · 193

Co-Kriging · 327, 328

Collapse · 80

Conditional Choropleth

Example · 194

Conditional Choropleth Mapping · 193

Conditional Simulation · 323, 328

Confidence Envelope · 65, 215

Conflation (definition) · 16

Confounding · 59

Confusion Index · 120

Confusion Matrix · 200

Connectivity · 42, 208, 210, 262

Constant of Path Maintenance · 142

Contagion · 205, 207, 210, 211, 226

Contiguity · 61, 98, 100, 101, 178, 206, 209, 211, 226, 233, 234, 235, 236, 241, 251

Contiguity (definition) · 16

Contingency Table · 199

Contouring · 115, 244, 291, 292, 298, 318

Contrast · 207, 210

Convex Hull · 72, 89, 114, 115, 117, 122, 125, 127, 188, 213, 244, 293, 303

Convolution · 44, 47

Linear · 176

Cookie Cutter · 87, 92

Core Area · 205, 206, 209

Correlated Walk Analysis · 171

Correlation Coefficient · 222, 229, 240, 244, 246, 319

Correlation Coefficient (definition) · 27

Correlogram · 46, 164, 171, 223, 231, 232, 253, 255, 312

Corridor Planning · 153

Cost Distance · 76, 126, 144, 149, 150, 151, 154, 158, 161, 174

Costgrow · 153

Covariance (definition) · 27

Crime Analysis · 8

Cross-entropy · 349

Crossings Factor · 142

Cross-sections · 272

Cross-semivariance · 311, 317

Crosstabulation · 192, 198, 199, 200

Cross-validation · 246, 300, 301, 306, 323, 325, 328

CSR · 66, 212, 217, 219, 237

Curvature · 78, 145, 260, 261, 267, 272, 275, 276, 277, 281, 293, 294

Cross-sectional · 273, 276

Longitudinal · 276

Maximum · 276

Mean · 273, 276

Minimum · 274, 276, 294, 296, 308

Path · 277

Plan · 272, 275

Profile · 272, 275

Radius · 278

Tangential · 273, 276

Curve (definition) · 16

Cycle · 332

Data Mining · 189

Data Transform · 315

Data Transformation (definition) · 20

Datum (definition) · 16

Decision Support · 56, 64, 396

AHP · 56, 153

ANP · 57

Declustering · 183, 187, 241, 311, 314, 318

Delaunay Diagram · 122

Delaunay Triangulation · 122, 124, 125, 234, 294, 303, 307

DEM · 8, 77, 78, 123, 152, 153, 156, 179, 188, 258, 262, 270, 280, 281, 282, 283, 287, 289, 298, 309

DEM (definition) · 16

Density · 17, 41, 56, 65, 66, 79, 81, 95, 100, 114, 115, 118, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134–42, 188, 206, 207, 208, 209, 212, 216, 219, 220, 246, 254, 291, 309, 313

Line · 142

Patch · 208

Desire Lines · 90

Deterministic Interpolation · 300, 311, 323

DGPS · 17, 144

Digital Terrain Model · 16

Digraph · 332, 360

Dilation · 20, 178, 179

Dimension · 29

Fractal · 89, 206, 209, 210, 318, 322

Fractal (definition) · 29

Toplogical (definition) · 29

D-infinity · 268, 287, 288

Directional Analysis · 165, 170, 172, 181

Directional Derivatives · 177, 267, 276

Discriminant Analysis · 103

Disjunctive Kriging · 327

Disperse · 154

Dispersion · 207

Dissolve · 92, 93, 159

Distance

3D Euclidean · 147

City Block · 148, 154

Euclidean · 74

Euclidean – Point to Line · 74

Lp Metric · 148

Manhattan · 148

Metrics · 145

nD Euclidean · 147

Normalised Euclidean · 147

Polar Coordinate Flat Earth · 144

Rectilinear · 148

Sphercial - Haversine · 74

Spherical - Cosine · 74

Taxicab · 148

Distance Decay · 95, 161, 163, 164, 234, 246, 253, 261, 265, 301

Distance Statistics · 211

Distance Transforms · 126, 154, 161

Diversity · 23, 125, 198, 205, 210

Diversity (definition) · 29

Drainage · 153, 172, 174, 268, 279, 287, 309

Drift · 318, 324, 328

Drive-Time Zones · 161, 336

DTM (definition) · 16

Earthquake Modelling · 393

Ecological Fallacy · 62, 243

Ecological Regression · 243

EDA · 16, 189, 191

Edge · 210

Edge Correction · 213, 216

Edge Effects · 39, 139, 205, 225, 254, 260, 270, 294

Filtering · 176

Edge Labelling · 333

EDM (definition) · 16

Effective Number of Parameters · 247

Eigenvalue · 240

Eigenvalue (definition) · 33

Eigenvector (definition) · 33

Electronic Distance Measurement · 16

Elitist Selection · 442

Ellipsoid · 74, 79, 144, 146

Ellipsoid (definition) · 16

Emergency Planning · 1, 6, 68, 343, 363, 368, 389, 394, 395, 400, 413, 415

Entropy · 111, 120, 125, 195, 349

Entropy (definition) · 28

Environmental Engineering · 1

Erosion · 178, 179

Error Signal · 421, 422

ESDA · 16, 189, 190, 195, 196, 237, 244, 252

ESTDA · 189

Eulerian Circuit · 338

Evolutionary Computing · 449

Excess risk · 134, 254

Exponential Integral Function · 306

Exponential Integral Function (definition) · 32

Factor Analysis · 103, 105

Factorial Kriging · 328

Feature · 73, 74, 117, 118, 127, 144, 159, 219, 263, 275

Amalgamation · 80

Central · 83

Central · 86

Extraction · 123

Generalisation · 80

Feature (definition) · 16

Feature Extraction · 187, 262, 274

Feature, Central · 64

Field · 258

Fill · 144, 279, 280, 287

Filtering · 3, 71, 174, 256, 265, 277, 278

Blurring · 177

Edge · 177

Embossing · 177

Frequency Domain · 176

Gaussian · 177

High-pass · 175

Low-pass · 175

Non-linear · 178

Roberts Method · 177

Sharpening · 177

Smoothing · 177

Symmetric · 177

Fire Spread · 155, 208, 393

First-order Process · 47

Flow · 172, 174, 208, 287, 288, 289, 290, 340

Flow Accumulation · 289

Flow Analysis · 165

Focal · 128, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 198, 207, 208, 298

Focal Functions · 173

Fourier Analysis · 311, 323

Fractal · 29, 89, 114, 166, 202, 203, 206, 208, 209, 210, 251, 264, 265, 291, 311, 318, 322

Fractal Dimension · 114

Fractal Terrains · 265

Fragstats · 9, 114, 204, 208, 226

Freeman-Tukey · 254

Angular Transform (definition) · 31

Square Root Transform (definition) · 30

Friction · 152, 155, 172

Angle · 154

Fuzzy Boundaries · 118

Gabriel Network · 356

GAM · 9, 140, 196

Gamma Function (definition) · 32

Gaussian · 163, 248, 279, 320

Gaussian Sequential Simulation · 328

Gaussian Smoothing · 298

Gaussian Surface · 285, 292

Geary C · 227, 235, 237

Generalisation · 42

Generalised Least Squares · 241

Genetic Algorithms · 336, 441

Chromosome · 441

Crossover · 445

Encoding · 442

Alleles · 442

Genes · 442

Fitness Function · 441, 443

Fitness Score · 443

Initialisation · 444

Local Search · 446

Mutation · 446

Optimum Location · 449

Reproduction · 445

Selection

Random · 445

Selection · 444

Roulette · 444

Tournament · 445

Termination · 446

Geocomputation · 13, 383

Definition · 383

Genetic Algorithms · 384

Geosimulation · 383, 390

GIS Integration · 387

Linkage and coupling · 387

Modelling · 384

Neural Networks · 383

Geodemographics · 97, 130

Geodemographics (definition) · 17

Geographically Weighted Regression · 9, 45, 84, 163, 246

Geoid · 79, 146

Geoid (definition) · 16

Geoportal · 52, 67

Geostatistical Analyst · 190, 195, 301, 306, 314, 319

Geostatistical Interpolation · 311

Geostatistics · 10, 165, 182, 233, 311, 312, 318, 328

Geostatistics (definition) · 17

Ghost Lines · 15, 270

GIS-T · 17, 146, 158, 331

Global Functions · 173

Global Outliers · 190

GLS · 241

GPS · 17, 37, 49, 52, 54

Gradient · 3, 66, 76, 120, 145, 155, 168, 172, 173, 174, 177, 263, 269, 267–69, 272, 274, 276, 288

Gradient (definition) · 17

Grading · 155

Graph · 332

Connected · 332

Degree · 332

Edge · 332

Planar · 18, 332

Graph (definition) · 17

Great Circle · 74, 78, 79, 144, 146, 274

Greedy Algorithms · 336

Grid Smoothing · 278

Gridding · 10, 75, 152, 291, 300

Ground Truth · 183, 188, 200

Groundwater Modelling System · 307

Hamiltonian Circuit · 338

Health Care · 1, 3, 8, 11, 12, 14, 17, 55, 58, 59, 67, 102, 131, 140, 192, 248, 344, 397, 455

Hedonic Regression · 239, 243

Heteroskedastic · 241

Heteroskedasticity · 240, 245

Heuristics · 372

Heuristics (definition) · 17

Hinge · 102, 191

Histograms · 182, 189, 190, 193

Home range · 115

Horn's Method · 260, 268

Hot Spot · 139, 140, 235

Hot Spot Detective · 9

Hydrology · 2, 3, 10, 71, 142, 165, 172, 174, 273, 279, 287

IAR · 254

ICAR · 254

Identity · 92

Identity Matrix (definition) · 32

IDW · 162, 293, 301, 302, 303, 306

Indegree · 332

Indicator Kriging · 327

Indicator Semivariance · 311, 317

Information Statistic

Diversity · 29

Entropy · 28

Interpolation · 17, 46, 81, 93, 94, 117, 121, 128, 135, 140, 151, 162, 173, 174, 181, 182, 198, 240, 258, 259, 263, 278

Bull’s-eye Effect · 307, 325, 326

Inter-quartile Range · 101, 102, 125, 178, 191, 196

Inter-quartile Range (definition) · 26

Intersection · 72, 85, 90, 93, 117, 125, 127, 138, 160, 185, 197, 219, 246, 274, 292, 298, 300, 301, 302, 305

Intersection Density · 142

Interspersion · 207, 210

Invariance · 43, 149

Invariance (definition) · 17

Inverse Distance · 162, 234, 295, 301, 302, 305, 306

ISODATA · 105, 108

Isolation · 60, 205, 206, 207, 209

Isotropic · 165

Isovist · 281, 285

Iterative Thresholding · 298

Jack-knifing · 197, 300, 325

JOIN · 127, 208, 225

Join Count · 223, 224

Kappa Index · 200

Kernel · 114, 136, 140, 142, 175, 293, 322

Gaussian · 175, 220

Kernel (definition) · 17

Kernel Density · 114, 134–42, 219, 220, 246

Kernel Density Function

Exponential · 140

Gaussian · 140, 142

Quartic · 140

Triangular · 140

Kernel Smoothing · 278

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test · 202, 214, 315

Kriging · 47, 293, 295, 305, 314, 318, 323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329

Kurtosis · 23

Kurtosis (definition) · 28

Lacunarity · 208

Lagrangian · 251, 305, 324, 374

Lagrangian Multipliers · 350, 373

Lagrangian Relaxation · 350, 372

Landscape Metrics · 88, 202, 204

Laplacian · 177

ldd network · 287, 289

Learning Rate · 422, 425, 428, 430, 434, 436

Least Cost Paths · 149, 150, 152

Least Squares · 239, 261, 263, 293, 309

Iteratively Reweighted · 248

Weighted · 241, 247, 309

Level Sets · 56, 281, 298

Line Frequency · 142

Line of Sight · 281, 283, 284

Line Smoothing · 79

Linear Programming · 8, 337

LineString · 18

Linking · 4, 56, 168, 189, 196, 262

LISA · 190, 235, 236

Local Drainage Direction · 172, 279, 287

Local Functions · 173

Local Outliers · 190, 196

Local Polynomial · 294, 296, 305, 307, 308, 309

Locational Analysis · 3, 148, 369

Logistic · 419

Logistic Function · 241, 422, 428, 436

Logistic Function (definition) · 30

Logistics · 6, 9, 10, 331, 340, 341, 380

Logit · 241

Logit (definition) · 30

Lower Quartile · 231

Lower Quartile (definition) · 25

Lp-Metric · 147

Madograms · 234, 322

Majority · 173, 178

Majority (definition) · 23

Map Algebra · 3, 9, 128, 142, 152, 173, 179, 292, 298

Calculus · 174

Multidimensional · 174

Map Calculus · 174, 264

Map Transformation (definition) · 19

Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) · 253

Masking · 65, 121, 183, 198, 319

Matrix

Determinant · 32, 77, 307

Inverse (definition) · 32

Positive Definite · 32

Positive Semi-definite · 32

Singular · 32

Symmetric (definition) · 32

Trace · 247

Trace (definition) · 33

Transpose (definition) · 32

MAUP · 96

Maximum (definition) · 24

MBR · 17, 82, 85, 86, 89, 117, 188, 195, 197, 213, 215, 301, 303, 306, 365, 370

MCFP · 337, 339

Mean

Arithmetic (definition) · 24

Directional · 167

Geometric · 86, 211

Geometric (definition) · 24

Harmonic · 86

Harmonic (definition) · 24

Olympic (definition) · 25

Power (definition) · 24

Trim (definition) · 25

Weighted · 84, 88, 142, 177, 193, 198

Weighted (definition) · 24

Mean Absolute Deviation · 27

Mean Deviation (definition) · 27

Measurement Scales

Cyclic · 37, 165, 166

Interval · 37

Nominal · 37

Ordinal · 37

Ratio · 37

Medial Axis · 88, 286

Median · 64, 84, 89, 102, 132, 178, 188, 191, 195, 206, 211, 254

Median (definition) · 25

Median Polish Kriging · 326

Membership Function · 75, 119, 120

MER · 17

Merging · 80, 93, 95, 159, 174, 288

Metadata · 52, 67

Metaheuristics · 348

Metrics · 75, 81, 85, 88, 143, 149, 154, 198, 211, 218, 226

Distance · 145–49

Landscape · 202–10

Mid-range · 173

Mid-range (definition) · 25

Minimax · 85, 123

Minimax Metric · 148

Minimum (definition) · 24

Minimum Bounding Rectangles · 117

Minimum Cost Flow · 339

Minimum Curvature · 273, 293, 296, 308

Minimum Spanning Tree · 355

Minority · 173

Minority (definition) · 24

MIP · 8, 336, 374

Mixed Integer Programming · 8, 336, 374

Mixed Regressive Spatial Autoregressive (MRSA) Model · 250

Mode (definition) · 25

Moments

Statistical · 23

Monte Carlo Simulation · 7, 11, 186, 197, 214, 215, 216, 217, 237, 312

Moore Neighbourhood · 75, 392, 396, 405, 436

Moran I · 227, 235, 237, 245, 255

Morishita Index · 318

Morphometric Analysis · 272

Mosaic · 204, 205, 206, 257, 260, 281

Moving Average · 293, 294, 297, 309, 330

MST · 338, 355, 356, 358, 359, 364, 366

Multi-collinearity Condition Number · 240

Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) · 44, 103

Multi-fractal · 265

Multivariate Classification · 103

Natural Boundaries · 121

Natural Breaks · 125

Natural Neighbour · 293, 295, 302, 304

NCPH · 115

Nearest Neighbour · 188, 219, 293, 295, 305, 318, 329

Kth Order · 212

Nearest Neighbour Analysis · 211

Network Variant · 217

Neighbourhood · 44

Network · 332

Network Distance · 90, 144, 147, 158, 163

Network Function · 420

NNh · 219, 220

Risk Adjusted · 219

Node Routing · 341

Non-Convex Polygonal Hull · 115

Non-linear Filtering · 178

Non-Planar · 17

Non-Stationarity · 248, 254, 301, 325

Non-Stationary · 223

Normal Distribution · 28, 30, 136, 137, 168, 237

Normal Distribution (definition) · 30

Normalisation · 65, 100, 130, 131, 136, 192

NP-complete · 335, 337, 338, 339, 364, 381

NP-full · 335

NP-hard · 285, 335, 337, 338, 339, 358, 373, 382

Nugget · 293, 314, 315, 318, 319, 320, 322, 323, 327

Occupancy · 133, 134, 135, 225

OGC · 8, 72

OLS · 239, 240, 242, 247, 248, 251, 255, 256, 308

Opening · 179

Ordinary Kriging · 305, 318, 323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329

Orientation · 75

Outdegree · 332

Outliers · 25, 26, 64, 82, 86, 102, 115, 178, 190, 191, 195, 223, 241, 247, 318, 322, 325

Over-determined · 239

Over-fitting · 423

Overlay · 3, 7, 8, 43, 87, 90, 92, 93, 115, 132, 160, 179, 186, 188, 290, 292

Over-specified · 240

Parsimony Objective · 65, 240, 242

Path · 153, 278, 332

pCentre · 372

pCentre · 339

PCP · 216

Percentile · 101, 133

Periodograms · 311, 322

Piecewise Function · 263

PIP · 86

Pits · 153, 174, 262, 274, 278, 279, 287, 289, 309

Pixel · 129, 130, 175, 178, 258, 288, 305

Pixel (definition) · 18

Plan Convexity · 273

Planar · 21, 76, 90, 125, 147, 181, 274, 277, 307

Enforcement (definition) · 17

Planar (definition) · 17

Planimetric Area · 76

pMedian · 372

pMedian Problem · 339

Point in Polygon · 86

Point Kriging · 323

Point Sampling · 183

Point Weeding · 79, 80, 116

Poisson Distribution · 28, 201

Poisson Distribution (definition) · 30

Polygon · 2, 15, 16, 23, 71, 73, 75, 76, 79, 81, 84, 86, 88, 90, 93, 114, 115, 118, 119, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 159, 160, 182, 185, 213, 215, 227, 234, 235, 280, 293, 302, 308, 314

Polygon (definition) · 18

Polygon Decomposition · 87

Polygon Fitting · 115

Polyline · 15, 73, 74, 80, 86, 90, 144, 166, 272, 298

Polyline (definition) · 18

Polynomial Regression · 294, 297, 308, 309

Power (statistical) · 64

Power Transforms · 31

PPDAC · 60, 61, 64, 67, 252

PPGIS · 67

Precision Farming · 183

Predictor Variables · 239, 243, 247

Principal Components Analysis · 105, 240

Probability Density · 49

Probability Kriging · 327

Product Moment Correlation · 23, 246

Profile Curvature · 261

Profiles · 144, 272, 277, 284, 293, 319

Profiling · 272, 294, 308

Proximity · 43, 59, 92, 124, 174, 187, 206, 209, 223, 245, 282

Bands · 223

PTAS · 335

Pushbroom Algorithm · 153

Pycnophylactic · 93

Quadrat · 186, 198, 201

Quantile · 102, 133, 323

Quintic functions · 264

Radial Basis · 164, 293, 296, 305, 306, 314, 323

Radial Basis Function

Completely Regularised Spline · 306

Inverse Multiquadric · 306

Multilog · 306

Multiquadric · 305, 306

Spline

Cubic · 306

Tension · 306

Thin Plate Spline · 305, 306

Radio Transmission Analysis · 283

Random Walk · 171, 329

Range (definition) · 25

Raster Data Model · 18, 259

Rate Smoothing · 134

Raw Rates · 133

Re-districting · 93, 95

Reflexive · 214

Regression · 9, 45, 80, 142, 182, 187, 196, 198, 237, 239, 241, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 249, 255, 259, 294, 297, 308, 309, 324, 326

CAR · 243

Conditional Autoregressive · 243

Ecological · 243

Hedonic · 239, 243

Linear · 170, 243, 250

Logistic · 243, 248

Multiple · 243

Multivariate · 243

Poisson · 243, 248

SAR · 250

SAR · 243, 250

Simultaneous Autoregressive · 243

RELATE · 127

Relative Neighbourhood Network · 357

Representative Fraction · 41

Representative Point · 39, 81

Resampling · 71, 75, 90, 128, 129, 179, 182, 198, 235, 240, 241, 291, 292, 305, 308

Re-sampling · 300

Resampling (definition) · 18

Resolution · 76

Response Variables · 239

Resultant Vector · 166

Retailing · 1, 41, 163, 338, 344, 346, 359, 364, 381, 429

Rhumb Line · 146

Richness · 198, 205, 210

Ridged Multi-fractal · 265

Ripley’s Cross-K Function · 217

Network Variant · 217

Ripley’s K Function · 214, 216, 217, 234

Network Variant · 217

Risk · 59, 63, 64, 133, 134, 217, 230, 242, 254

Robust · 64, 254

Rodograms · 311, 322

Rookcase · 10, 225, 229, 230, 237

Root Mean Square (definition) · 25, 27

Root Mean Squared Error (definition) · 27

Rose Diagram · 167, 270

Route Factor · 148

Routing · 3, 7, 12, 56, 114, 145, 146, 158, 341, 380

Row Standardisation · 235

Rubber Sheeting (definition) · 18

Sample Size · 131, 183, 240, 241, 242, 311

Sampling · 61, 65, 148, 181, 182, 183, 185, 187, 291, 313

Equalised Random · 183

Gibbs · 253

Grid · 184

Line · 277

NonFree · 225

Point · 185

Quadrat · 186, 201

Random · 183, 186

Replacement · 197

Resolution · 227

Stratified Random · 183

SubSampling · 188

Sampling Error · 63

Sampling Network · 318

SAR · 243, 250, 251, 252, 256

Scatter Plots · 189, 191

Schwartz Criterion · 244

S-Distance · 10, 370, 375

Second Order Stationarity · 318, 325

Second-order Process · 47

Security · 1, 282, 285, 364

Seed Points · 220

Semivariance · 189, 195, 233, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 324

Semivariance Modelling · 311, 319

Serial Correlation Coefficient · 222

Service Areas · 377

Shape · 16, 23, 76, 82, 83, 88, 89, 93, 96, 98, 115, 117, 121, 125, 139, 142, 144, 148, 150, 168, 173, 178, 183, 186, 189, 192, 205, 209, 211, 215, 231, 275, 292, 301, 311, 319, 327

Patch · 206

Shape Distribution · 89

Sharpening · 47, 174, 175

Shepard · 293, 296, 306

Shortest Path · 12, 154, 158, 338, 359, 361

A* Algorithm · 361

Dantzig Algorithm · 360

Dijkstra Algorithm · 361

Shortest Path Tree · 359

Sigmoidal · 119, 120, 419

Signatures · 105

Sill · 311, 314, 315, 319, 320

Simple Kriging · 323, 325

Simulated Annealing · 328, 336, 349, 423, 442, 448

Annealing Schedule · 350

Metroplois Criterion · 350

Sinuosity · 114

Skeletonised · 88

Skewness · 23, 191

Skewness (definition) · 28

Slice · 101, 144, 272, 274

Slivers · 92

Slope · 77, 94, 119, 121, 123, 143, 152, 155, 168, 170, 260, 267–69, 267–75, 275, 276, 277, 278, 287, 288, 322

Slope (definition) · 19

Slope Distance · 143

Smoothing · 47, 79, 80, 88, 125, 134, 136, 140, 142, 163, 196, 197, 263, 268, 278, 279, 293, 296, 298, 302, 305, 306, 307

Space-time Analysis · 10

Spanning Tree · 338, 355

Spatial Autocorrelation · 10, 17, 46, 100, 183, 187, 198, 199, 222, 223, 229, 230, 231, 233, 237, 240, 241, 243, 245, 246, 250, 255, 312, 314, 318

Spatial Dependence · 45, 46

Spatial Differencing · 255

Spatial Filter · 175, 177

Spatial Filtering · 174, 178, 255

Spatial Heterogeneity · 45

Spatial Join · 92

Spatial Overlay · 87, 92, 198

Spatial Pattern · 65

Spatial Probability · 49

Spatial Query · 19, 127

Spatial Sampling · 181, 182

Spatial Support · 38

Spatial Weights · 234, 235, 253

Spatial Weights Matrix · 43, 163, 228, 234, 235, 241, 245, 250, 251, 356

Spatially Extensive · 130, 134

Spatially Intensive · 100, 130, 133

Spatio-temporal Analysis · 2, 189, 217

Spherical Excess · 79

Spheroid · 19, 20, 144

Spheroid (definition) · 16

Spline · 31, 80, 277, 278, 294, 296, 298, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309

Bicubic · 298

Regularised · 306

Smoothing · 80

Thin Plate · 306

Split · 92, 93

SQL · 19, 23, 92, 127, 128

Standard Deviation · 22, 89, 100, 102, 108, 125, 131, 136, 140, 167, 170, 173, 178, 189, 196, 211, 213, 219, 222, 225, 232, 238, 264, 323, 326, 329

Standard Deviation (definition) · 27

Standard Deviation Map · 325, 330

Standard Deviational Ellipse · 89, 170, 171, 211, 219, 232

Standard Distance · 81, 170, 198, 211, 213

Standard Error · 31, 212, 219, 240, 247

Standard Error (definition) · 27

Standardisation · 130, 131, 140, 235, 245

Stationarity · 311, 314, 318, 323

Stationary · 223, 313, 325

Statistical Inference · 50

Steiner MST · 338, 359

Steiner Point · 88, 124, 338

Steiner Trees · 358

Stratified Kriging · 327

Stream Basins · 287, 290

Stream Networks · 289

Strength of Evidence Objective · 240

Structural Variance · 314

Study Error · 63

Sum (definition) · 24

Support · 311, 313

Surface (definition) · 19

Surface Area · 76, 77, 78, 280

SURPOP · 94

Symmetric Difference · 72, 93

Tabu Search · 336, 348

Aspiration Criteria · 349

Diversification · 349

Hybridisation · 349

Intensification · 349

Neighbourhood Structure · 348

Search Memory · 349

Search Space · 348

Tangential Curvature · 261

Terrestrial Distance · 144, 146

Tessellation · 122

Tessellation (definition) · 19

Tesseral · 19

Texture Analysis · 153, 202, 208

Thematic Map · 16, 100, 244

Thiessen · 124, 318

Time Series · 102, 222, 223, 229, 234, 250, 255

TIN · 71, 76, 123, 259, 262, 264, 280, 291, 298, 307

TIN (definition) · 19

Tobler’s First Law · 46, 47, 49, 51, 300

Tomlin · 9, 130, 173

Map Analysis Package · 174

Topogrid · 309

Topological Overlay · 90, 92

Topology · 42, 87, 92, 158, 234

Topology (definition) · 19

Touching · 92, 208

Transformation · 311

Transportation · 6, 11, 17, 71, 158, 162, 331, 337, 339, 340, 342, 346, 465, 469

Transportation Problem · 339

Travel Time Zones · 378

Tree · 332

Trend · 223, 251, 264, 324, 326

Trend Analysis · 196, 240, 308, 318, 325

Trend Surface · 244, 294

Trend, Linear · 244, 251

Triangulated Irregular Network · 19, 71, 117, 123

Trim-range · 26, 132

TSA · 222, 230

TSP · 8, 335, 338, 364, 366, 367, 381

Dual Circuit · 367

TSPLIB · 364, 374, 478

TVI · 129, 130

Uncertainty · 49

Uniform Distribution (definition) · 29

Union · 72, 90

Univariate Classification · 100

Universal Kriging · 318, 326

Upper Quartile · 231

Upper Quartile (definition) · 26

U-turns · 362

Variance

Instability · 132

Variance (definition) · 26

Variance Inflation · 240

Variance Mean Ratio (definition) · 28

Variety (definition) · 23

Variogram · 253, 254, 293, 295, 311, 312–21, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329

Graphs · 321

Non-transitive · 314

Transitive · 314

Variogram Model

Circular · 320

Cubic · 320

Exponential · 320

Linear · 320

Logarithmic · 320

Pentaspherical · 320

Power · 320

Quadratic · 320

Spherical · 320

Tetraspherical · 320

Wave Hole · 320

Variography · 318

Vector (definition) · 20

Vehicle Routing Problem · 338, 367

Vertex · 332

Viewshed · 281, 282, 284, 285

Vincenty · 11, 147

Visibility · 3, 121, 172, 281, 284, 285

Volumetric Analysis · 74, 280

Von Neumann Neighbourhood · 392

Voronoi · 93, 98, 115, 124–26, 149, 174, 188, 195, 196, 234, 244, 258, 293, 302, 314, 370, 377

Watersheds · 287, 290

WGS84 · 20, 74, 144

Whiskers · 191

Wind Rose · 169

Winding Number · 87

Wombling · 120

World Geodetic System · 20, 36

XOR · 90, 128

Zonal · 114, 128, 173, 181, 192, 198, 230, 255

Zonal Functions · 173

Zone Membership · 114, 119

Zone of Indifference Weighting · 234, 235

Z-transform · 102, 212, 225, 237

Z-transform (definition) · 31